Page 2 (English translation of Ilm us sarf)

2

Maksoor is that letter which has a Zer/Kasra.
Mutaharik is that letter which has a Harkat.
Saakin is that letter which has a Sukoon, and this letter has no harkat.
Mushadad is that letter which has a Tashdeed.

There are three Harf-e-illat they are "واو الف یا".
Sigah is a Lafaz (a word).
And Fael is a verb, a doing word.
Zamana means Time/tense. There are three tenses, Maddie (past), Haal (present), and Mustakbil (Future).

Fael Maddie is that verb which happened in the past. For example: ضرب means "That one man hit", which is past tense. The past tense (Maadie) always ends with a Maftooh.

Fael Mudarie is that verb which happens in the present, or the future. The ending of Fael Mudarie is always Madhmoom.

Amar is that fael which gives a command, for example: اضرب which means: You hit.

Nahi is that verb which stops a action being done. For example: لا تضرب which means: Don't hit.

Isbat, musbat is when a action takes place. For example: ضرب which means: He hit, or for example: یضرب which means: He is hitting.

Nafi, Manfi is when a action does not take place, for example: ما ضرب which means: He did not hit.

Faail is the person who does the action. (example on next page.)

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